The Tax Organizers to assist in compiling the information necessary to prepare your 2022 individual income tax return(s) were mailed mid to late January 2023. Please complete the organizer to the best of your ability. In connection with all items of income, if married, please indicate whether the income is the taxpayer, spouse or joint (TSJ). When submitting materials, please include original and/or corrected source documents to ensure we have all copies or at a minimum the most current version (please note the date of changes on the tax documents).  Please contact us if you haven't received your 2022 Tax Organizer or if you would like a blank version.

The Tax Organizers to assist in compiling the information necessary to prepare your 2022 individual income tax return(s) were mailed mid to late January 2023. Please complete the organizer to the best of your ability. In connection with all items of income, if married, please indicate whether the income is the taxpayer, spouse or joint (TSJ). When submitting materials, please include original and/or corrected source documents to ensure we have all copies or at a minimum the most current version (please note the date of changes on the tax documents).  Please contact us if you haven't received your 2022 Tax Organizer or if you would like a blank version.

The Internal Revenue Service and State Taxing Authorities are matching information returns submitted by businesses, employers and financial/investment institutions with amounts reported on individual tax returns.  Negligence penalties may be assessed when income is underreported. Please be certain to mail or bring with you all of the following original unstapled forms:

Please note there is a required response on the first page of your income tax return asking if you have had activity regarding digital assets (i.e., Bitcoin and virtual currencies) so we will need to know the answer.  Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, please provide documentation relating to PPP loans received and PPP loan forgiveness in 2022.

1)    Dependent information including names, relationship, date of birth and social security numbers (if a dependent is no longer a student please indicate). Please remember that names and social security numbers must match exactly in order for the dependent to be allowed. 

2)    All W-2 forms for wages.

3)    All 1099 forms for interest, dividends, sales of securities, pension / IRA distributions, social security benefits, commissions and other income received as well as brokerage statements and realized gain/loss schedules.  If you have a foreign bank account, please list it and all applicable information.  If you took any early distributions from retirement plans, please be sure to provide the details regarding the reason and amount of the distributions.  If any of these distributions were paid back to the retirement plan in full or in part within 60 days, please provide the details.  Congress has been sharply focused on requiring taxpayer reporting of foreign bank/financial accounts and assets for the last several years.  Besides filing the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, information may be required to be attached to the taxpayer's income tax return for those assets with aggregate values exceeding specific thresholds.  If applicable, you will be requested to provide additional information. 

NOTE: Form 114 FinCEN (previously known as Form TD F 90-22.1, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts) (FBAR) must be electronically filed via the BSA E-Filing System.  Our firm can assist you with the preparation and submission of the electronic FBARs; however, the primary responsibility for this filing remains with the taxpayer.  2022 FBAR filings are due April 18, 2023 with a maximum extension for a 6- month period ending October 16, 2023 to file.

4)    All notices from corporations, financial institutions or mutual funds that advise of special tax treatment for earnings.

5)    Report of tax-exempt interest and dividends received with payer identification.

6)    Supporting information (including 1099-K, 1099-MISC & 1099-NEC forms) for business income and expenses.  For business use of your home, please include the square footage of your home used exclusively for business as well as total square footage of your home (this is required information).

7)    Copies of closing statements for any real estate, co-op or condominium purchases or sales which occurred during the year and a copy of the Form 1099-B received for gross proceeds.  Please remember to include the acquisition date of the property sold, the original cost and improvements. 

8)    All 5498 forms and support for 2022 retirement contributions made to date or anticipated to be made for the 2022 tax year.  Please indicate if you want maximum contribution limits calculated.

9)    All 1098 and 1099-MISC forms supporting rental income and expenses.  Please be sure to include details for all improvements made and capital assets purchased including acquisition dates.

10)  All Schedule K-1 forms from partnerships, limited liability companies, S corporations, trusts and estates including all supporting literature received including state specific K-1s and transmittal/cover letters. 

11)  All 1099-G forms for unemployment and state tax refunds/overpayments issued/received from State Taxing Authorities and Departments of Labor.  These forms are only available online from the applicable Connecticut and New York departments. 

12)  Adjustments to Income – please be sure to include educator expenses, alimony paid/received, health savings account contributions/distributions and student loan interest paid including all 1098-E forms.  For Health Savings Accounts, please include a statement(s) and 1099 -SA and 5498-SA forms that recap the 2022 activity in order to verify the beginning and ending balances of the account.

13)  Real estate and personal property taxes paid – please be sure to include only taxes paid during the calendar year 2022.

14)  All 1098 forms for mortgage interest expense deductions - Please identify for each 1098 form if the loan interest paid is for a home mortgage (secured by principal residence or vacation home) or investment activity.  If your total debt exceeds $1 million for home acquisition loans acquired before December 15, 2017, please include the balance of each loan at January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022.  In addition, please supply the balance of each loan at January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022 for new home acquisition loans acquired subsequent to December 15, 2017 if the debt exceeds $750,000. 

15)  Contributions – be careful in reporting your contributions as the IRS is aggressively challenging those which appear to be excessive in dollars and valuation.  Please include supporting documentation for cash contributions with values in excess of $250 and noncash contributions with values that exceed $500 as well as the original costs of noncash items donated.

16)  Child/Dependent Care expenses – Please provide the name, address and social security number and/or employer identification number of the providers as this is required.

17)  Household Employment taxes including W-2 forms for wages paid and quarterly state unemployment returns filed for the 2022 tax year.

18)  A schedule of estimated taxes paid for federal and state income taxes including payments made in January 2023 for the 2022 tax year and payments made in January 2022 for the 2021 tax year.  Please be sure to include the FULL date for each payment made.

19)  All W-2G forms for gambling winnings.

20) HEALTH INSURANCE: Notification received from the provider documenting the existence of health insurance coverage through the Marketplace for 2022 for you, your spouse and/or dependents.  Please provide all Forms 1095-A received for Marketplace insurance as this is required information to prepare your tax return.

21)  Copies of any notices or other communications received during the year from the Internal Revenue Service and State Taxing Authorities.

22) Identity Protection Personal Identification Number – If you have received notification that an IP PIN has been assigned to you and/or your spouse by the IRS, it is imperative that this information be provided to us with your tax documents as you cannot efile your income tax return without it and our firm has no access to this information.  IP PINs can be retrieved online through the IRS website.  If you had one in the past but did not receive a letter for Tax Year 2022 from the IRS, it is likely that you still have one so please check the IRS website before tax filing day arrives.  Please do not wait until the last minute to retrieve this information.

Because of government enforcement regulations and fraud prevention initiatives, we are requesting that you include copies of the social security cards for yourself, spouse and dependents.  If you provided us with copies of social security cards in the past, you do not have to provide it again; however, the driver’s license and passports on file must be current.  Also, if you are a new client to the firm, include a copy of the current driver’s license for yourself and your spouse as we are required to input the current information in order to electronically file. If you have any questions, please call our office to verify your information on file.  The spelling of names must match the social security cards issued or correspondence from the IRS will be generated.  Returns cannot be filed electronically if discrepancies exist between the tax return and the Social Security Administration.  Refunds will not be issued until the matter is resolved.

When providing information related to the Sales of Stocks, Securities, Capital Assets & Installment Sales, special care should be taken in providing complete and accurate information, especially acquisition dates and cost. For re-investment programs, such as mutual funds and dividend reinvestment programs, it is necessary to provide all data since initial acquisition unless the fund/broker provides the cost information.  Taxpayers are required to complete Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets, along with Schedule D to report this activity.  Form 8949 captures the detail data of each individual sales transaction in conjunction with cost basis information as reported by your broker/financial institution under reporting regulations.

In order to continue providing quality service on a timely basis, we urge you to collect your information as soon as possible.  If information from a “pass-through” entity such as a partnership, S corporation, limited liability company, trust or estate is the only data you are missing, please send the data you have assembled and forward the missing information as soon as it is available. Please clearly indicate which information is missing.  If we do not receive your complete information by March 24, 2023, we cannot guarantee timely completion of your tax returns for the April 18, 2023 filing deadline.  

Please be sure to include all of your contact information on the COVER SHEET as well - telephone numbers, fax numbers and email addresses, if applicable and the preferred method of contact.

If you or your spouse worked in New York with your residence outside of New York or you worked in Connecticut with your residence outside of Connecticut, please complete the enclosed Allocation of Wage and Salary Income worksheet.  If you held multiple jobs during the year, please provide a separate allocation schedule for each job.

We appreciate the opportunity to be of service to you.

The following is a discussion of the rules applicable to the filing of 2022 individual income taxes and 2023 at this time.

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When you make retail purchases of goods or services in your resident state, you usually pay sales tax to the seller if the sale of such goods or services is subject to sales tax according to the law of your resident state.  The seller in turn remits the sales tax collected to the state taxing authority.  In general, when these same types of goods or services are purchased outside of your resident state, they are subject to "use tax" when the goods are brought into your resident state.

When you make retail purchases of goods or services in your resident state, you usually pay sales tax to the seller if the sale of such goods or services is subject to sales tax according to the law of your resident state.  The seller in turn remits the sales tax collected to the state taxing authority.  In general, when these same types of goods or services are purchased outside of your resident state, they are subject to "use tax" when the goods are brought into your resident state.

Today, with the increase in catalog and online shopping, many taxpayers are buying items out of state, as well as goods that are being imported, that would be subject to tax if they were purchased in their resident state.  The state tax authorities, especially Connecticut and New York, are actively pursuing the collection of this use tax in order to meet budgetary constraints.  In fact, the states, along with the Internal Revenue Service and U.S. Customs, have signed information sharing agreements to help each other collect all outstanding tax money.  Working together, the authorities have many resources available to gather their information.

Keep in mind that the taxing authorities are specifically targeting the purchase of items such as automobiles (and parts), appliances, furniture, jewelry, cameras, computers, electronics, cigarettes and other tobacco products, alcohol, boats, art and antiques.  However, they are also seeking out those taxpayers who are steady catalog and online shoppers not paying sales tax. 

The individual use tax is declared and paid when you file your resident state individual income tax return. 

If all the goods purchased and brought into Connecticut at one time total $25 or less, you do not have to pay Connecticut use tax.  The $25 exemption does not apply to goods shipped or mailed to you.  Connecticut requires that taxpayers separately list any individual item with a purchase price of $300 or more.  When listing this information, you must provide the date of purchase, a description of goods or service, the retailer or service provider and the purchase price.  Items with an individual purchase price under $300 do not have to be listed separately; instead the total combined purchases must be given to calculate the use tax due.

The general Connecticut sales and use tax rate for 2022 was 6.35%; however, there are categories with different tax rates from the general rates.  There are too many categories to list for the purposes of this letter; however, there are a few that need to be highlighted.  Specifically a use tax rate of 7.75% applies to the following: the sale of most motor vehicles exceeding $50,000, the sale of each piece of jewelry exceeding $5,000, the sale of each piece of clothing or pair of footwear exceeding $1,000 and a handbag, luggage, umbrella, wallet or watch exceeding $1,000.

New York provides two options for calculating the use tax due on purchases of less than $1,000 (excluding shipping and handling) each that are not related to a business, rental real estate or royalty activities - the exact calculation method or the sales and use tax chart.  For the exact calculation method, the taxpayer must provide the purchase price, purchase date and jurisdiction of purchase.  The sales and use tax chart is a simple, time-saving method whereby the taxpayer pays use tax based on their federal adjusted gross income according to the chart established by the state.  The exact calculation method must be used on each purchase of $1,000 or more.  For individual items subject to use tax greater than $25,000, the following information must be provided: date item was purchased, description of item purchased, seller’s name and address, delivery address/address of use and purchase price.

Failure to pay use tax may result in the imposition of penalties and interest.  The states are requiring taxpayers to declare an obligation for use tax on their individual income tax returns.  Zero is a valid declaration if you do not have a liability.  If you do not make an entry on the individual use tax line of your resident tax return, you are considered to not have filed a use tax return.

Therefore, when providing your information for payment of use tax, please be sure to specify the following complete information:

• Details of purchase information as specified by the state thresholds for reporting individual purchases
• Details of purchase information as specified by the special categories in Connecticut

If you have any questions regarding sales and use tax, please give us a call.  Information is also published on each state's website regarding this subject.

Internal Revenue Service regulations along with the tax authorities of Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts mandate that tax preparers electronically file individual, fiduciary and business income tax returns.  We believe that trends will continue with authorities requiring taxpayers and businesses to electronically file of more information including routine filings, responses, tax returns and tax payments.  Therefore, all 2022 income tax returns filed federally and in the States of Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts are required to be filed using the Federal & State Electronic Filing Program (E-File).  The firm will voluntarily file individual returns electronically in the States of California and New Jersey.  We also reserve the right to electronically file in additional states as deemed appropriate and will encourage this method of filing.

Internal Revenue Service regulations along with the tax authorities of Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts mandate that tax preparers electronically file individual, fiduciary and business income tax returns.  We believe that trends will continue with authorities requiring taxpayers and businesses to electronically file of more information including routine filings, responses, tax returns and tax payments.  Therefore, all 2022 income tax returns filed federally and in the States of Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts are required to be filed using the Federal & State Electronic Filing Program (E-File).  The firm will voluntarily file individual returns electronically in the States of California and New Jersey.  We also reserve the right to electronically file in additional states as deemed appropriate and will encourage this method of filing. 

Our firm has informed you of the regulations and mandates for electronic filing.  However, the decision as to whether your income tax returns will be electronically filed or not rests with you, the taxpayer.  If you choose not to file electronically, we will inform you of the necessary procedures that need to be followed for “opting out.”

Electronic filing offers the following benefits:

1. Allows the Revenue Departments to process returns quickly and accurately, saving tax dollars.
2. Taxpayers who have a return with a balance due can file their return early and choose to make payment anytime on or before April 18, 2023.
3. Taxpayers who file returns with refunds receive those refunds faster especially if the refund is directly deposited into their bank account. 
4. Electronically filed returns receive an acknowledgment of receipt from the Internal Revenue Service and the applicable State Tax Authority and are verified to be mathematically correct, eliminating data entry errors and lost or misplaced mail.

If we did not prepare your returns for 2021, we will need copies of your driver’s licenses and social security cards or passports for you and your family members. 

How does this affect the process of preparing your 2022 income tax returns?

The actual preparation process of your return does not change.  However, the administration, review process and completion of the returns will be affected.  The following is an overview of how the electronic filing process will work.

1)   Taxpayers should forward complete information for the preparation of their 2022 income tax returns including all supporting documentation.  Regulations for electronic filing require that our firm maintain copies of the social security cards and driver's licenses for yourself, your spouse and all dependents claimed on the 2022 tax return.  NOTE:  If you provided this information to us last year regarding the preparation of your 2021 tax return, you do not have to provide it again.  However, the driver’s license and passports on file must be current.  Please call our office to verify your information on file if you have any questions.

2)  Electronic filing provides various methods for payment and receipt of your refunds.  Payments can be made by 1) paper check, 2) credit card (a convenience fee will be charged by the processing company used by tax authorities) and 3) direct debit out of a designated account.  Refunds can be issued by 1) paper check, 2) application of all or a portion to the 2023 tax year and 3) direct deposit into designated account(s) – see NOTE below.  Returns filed electronically can be filed early but payment not made until a later date designated by you whether payment is by check, credit card or direct debit until April 18, 2023.  After that date, payment is due with filing.  When submitting the information to prepare your tax return, please indicate to us how you would like to handle payments and/or refunds and return it with the information to prepare your tax return.  If you desire to use direct deposit or direct debit, please enclose a voided check so we have complete account information and the financial institution routing transit number.  It is the taxpayer’s responsibility to provide proper banking information and to verify that the payments have been withdrawn from the designated account.  Please allow enough time when scheduling payments to be made directly from accounts.  If problems with payment by direct debit are encountered, taxpayers need to have enough time available for a paper check to be submitted on a time.

NOTE:  Generally, if you do not elect direct deposit, the State of Connecticut will issue refunds by paper check; however, they are encouraging direct deposit.  Direct deposit will NOT be available for first time Connecticut filers.  IRS and the State of New York are offering the option for receipt of refunds by direct deposit or paper check.    

WARNING: It is suggested that refunds on joint tax returns should only be directly deposited into joint bank accounts.  The federal banking regulations, as applied by each bank, may not accept a joint refund into an individual account; our firm has no knowledge of how your bank will handle this matter.  Also, be aware that refunds will be retained, not issued or decreased for any of the following: 1) delinquent federal taxes, 2) delinquent state taxes, 3) delinquent student loans, 4) delinquent spousal and/or child support, 5) delinquent state unemployment compensation debts and 6) debts owed to other state and/or federal agencies.

3)  Once your return has been prepared, our firm will forward a "Review Copy" to you.  This review copy can be sent electronically using access through a portal system for your protection or by hard copy (either mail or you can pick it up at our office).  Please let us know the delivery method for the "Review Copy" on the bottom of the enclosed engagement letter which should be submitted with your tax information.

4)   If you review the return and are in agreement with the return as prepared, the taxpayer(s) will need to sign Form 8879, IRS e-file Signature Authorization, Form TR-579-IT New York State e-file Signature Authorization, Form FTB 8879 California e-file Signature Authorization, Form M-8453, Massachusetts e-file Signature Authorization, as applicable, and any additional efile form(s) as necessary and included in your "Review Copy" package.  Connecticut and New Jersey accept the federal signature on Form 8879.  Tax returns cannot be filed electronically until our firm is in receipt of the signature authorization forms signed by the taxpayer(s).  We can accept the signed forms electronically.

5)   If you review the return and are NOT in agreement with the return as prepared, please call our office to discuss the questions/issues.  If necessary, a new "Review Copy" and signature authorization forms will be prepared.  Please remember that the only way electronically filed tax returns can be changed is by amending the returns.  Therefore, it is imperative that you are in complete agreement with the returns before returning the signature authorization forms to us.

6)   Once we receive your completed signature authorization forms, our firm will electronically submit your Federal, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and/or California income tax returns.  Income tax returns for all other states will be filed on paper at this time unless we deem it appropriate to electronically file in the other state(s).  Once we receive acknowledgement that your electronically filed returns have been accepted by the taxing authorities, we will forward a complete package to you which will include the following documents: 1) your original information if it has not already been returned with your review copy, 2) 2022 payment vouchers to taxing authorities, if necessary, 3) 2022 income tax returns for other states to be filed by paper, if necessary, 4) 2023 estimated tax payments, if necessary, 5) a copy of the 2022 individual return electronic transmission history and acceptance notification, and 6) a final signed copy of your electronically filed 2022 Federal and state income tax returns, if requested.  Please include on the bottom of the enclosed engagement letter how you would like to receive this complete package. Any payments for taxes due to tax authorities should be filed using certified mail, return receipt requested.

Some extensions for filing 2022 tax returns must be filed electronically as paper is no longer an acceptable filing method.  Therefore, taxpayers must allow enough time for completing this process.  Please contact our office by Friday, March 24, 2023 if you will need to file extensions for the 2022 tax year.

We ask for your continued cooperation in implementing income tax return preparation and filing requirements.  If you have any questions, please give us a call.

Amid a growing number of scams and fraudulent activity surrounding the Employee Retention Credit, the Internal Revenue Service will stop processing new claims, effective immediately, at least through the end of the year.

Amid a growing number of scams and fraudulent activity surrounding the Employee Retention Credit, the Internal Revenue Service will stop processing new claims, effective immediately, at least through the end of the year.

"We are deeply concerned that this program is not operating in a way that was intended today, far from the height of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021," IRS Commissioner Daniel Werfel said during a September 14, 2023, conference call with reporters. "We believe we should see only a trickle of employee retention claims coming in. Instead, we are seeing a tsunami."

Werfel said the agency has received about 3.6 million claims by taxpayers taking advantage of the program and there are more than 600,000 that have yet to be processed, "virtually all of which were received within the last 90 days. That means about 15 percent of all ERCclaims received since the start of the program three and half years ago have been received in the last 90 days. That’s an incredibly large number to have so far beyond the pandemic and nearly two years after the time periods covered by the program."

He attributed the spike in claims to emergence and prevalence of so-called ERC mills.

"This great program to help small businesses has been overtaken by aggressive promoters," Werfel said. "The ads are everywhere. The program has become the centerpiece for unscrupulous marketing and profits from pushing taxpayers to claim a credit that they would not be eligible for."

The agency said in a September 14, 2023, press release that it will process claims already received, but as of today, there will be no new claims processed for the pandemic-era relief program aimed to help small businesses remain in operation while dealing with potential economic hardships due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, for those who have filed claims, they can expect longer wait times for the financial relief offered by the credit as the agency conducts more detailed compliance reviews of the claims that have been filed.

And that compliance work as already begun. Werfel stated that as of July 31, 2023, the IRS Criminal Investigation Division has initiated 252 investigations involving more than $2.8 billion worth of potentially fraudulent ERC claims. Fifteen of those cases have resulted in federal charges, with six cases resulting in convictions, and an average sentence of 21 months for those reaching the sentencing phase. He also stated that the agency has referred thousands of claims for audit.

"With the stricter compliance reviews in place during this period, existing ERCclaims will go from a standard processing goal of 90 day to 180 days – and much longer if the claim faces further review or audit," the agency stated in the press release. "The IRS may also seek additional documentation from the taxpayer to ensure it is a legitimate claim."

To help taxpayers who may have fallen victim to an ERC mill, the IRS will be introducing programs in the coming weeks and months to help taxpayers. First, the agency will be providing a process under which taxpayers with unprocessed claims can withdraw those claims. To help taxpayers in self-reviewing their already submitted claims or who may be thinking about submitting claims when the IRS begins processing new claims again, the agency on September 14, 2023, released an updated eligibility checklist. The process to withdraw a claim will be finalized soon.

For those who have had their claims processed, received money and then later received a determination that they were in fact ineligible for the credit, the IRS will be offering a settlement program to help taxpayers pay back funds they should not have received due to eligibility reasons. Details on the settlement program will be released in coming months.

This help may be needed because the IRS recognizes that a business or tax-exempt group c"ould find itself in a much worse financial position if you have to pay back the credit than if the credit was never claimed in the first place," Werfel said.

Werfel is encouraging those who have submitted claims to do an independent verification of eligibility with a trusted tax professional to ensure they were in fact eligible for the credit and if they were not, be ready to take the steps to withdraw the claim if it hasn’t been paid or to look for the settlement program if necessary.

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor

The Department of the Treasury is reaching out to Congress to get the appropriate tools to combat the wave of Employee Retention Credit fraud and other future issues.

The Department of the Treasury is reaching out to Congress to get the appropriate tools to combat the wave of Employee Retention Credit fraud and other future issues.

In a September 14, 2023, letter to Senate Finance Committee Chairman Ron Wyden, the agency made two specific requests. First, the IRS asked for authority to regulate paid preparers, which it sated "could help protect taxpayers from penalties, interest, or avoidable costs of litigation that result from the poor-quality advice they receive."

Second, the IRS asked for legislation specific to the ERC, but it was more vague in what it wants, asking Congress "to consider other ways to help reduce fraud and abuse associated with the ERC, while protecting honest taxpayers. For example, legislating targeting contingency fee practices would help prevent overzealous promoters from profiting off small businesses."

During a September 14, 2023, conference call with reporters, Laurel Blatchford, chief implementation officer of the Inflation Reduction Act at the Treasury Department, said that having the ability to regulate paid preparers would make it easier to target ERC mills that have popped up in recent months.

"Congress should pass legislation making clear these mills have to play by the same rules as other professionals who prepare returns for taxpayers," Blatchford said. "These mills may claim they aren’t paid preparers, but they receive compensation for their advice."

And while the IRS and Treasury could promulgate regulations for something like banning contingency fees that would prevent mills from collecting a portion of the money refunding through the credit,"a legislative prohibition takes effect far more quickly."

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor

The Internal Revenue Service detailed plans on some of the high-income taxpayers that will be targeted for more compliance efforts in the coming fiscal year.

The Internal Revenue Service detailed plans on some of the high-income taxpayers that will be targeted for more compliance efforts in the coming fiscal year.

IRS Commissioner Daniel Werfel, during a September 7, 2023, teleconference with reporters, said that the new compliance push "makes good on the promise of the Inflation Reduction Act to ensure the IRS holds our wealthiest filers accountable to pay the full amount of what they owe,"adding that the agency will simply be enforcing already-existing laws.

Werfel stated that the IRS will be "pursuing 1,600 millionaires who owe at least $250,000. … The IRS will have dozens of revenue officers focused on these high-end collection cases in fiscal year 2024,"which begins on October 1, 2023. "This group of millionaires owes hundreds of millions of dollars in taxes, and we will use Inflation Reduction Act resources to get those funds back."

He also said that the agency will be making a “dramatic shift” on large partnerships.

"These are some of the most complex cases the IRS faces, and it involves a wide range of activities and industries where it’s been far too easy for tax evaders to cut corners,"Werfel said.

To help with this effort, Werfel highlighted that the agency will be using expanded artificial intelligence programs and additional Inflation Reduction Act resources to help with the audit process for large complex partnerships.

"The selection of these partnership returns for review is the result of groundbreaking collaboration among experts in data sciences and tax enforcement," Werfel said. "They have been working side-by-side to apply cutting-edge machine learning technology to identify potential compliance risks in the area of partnership tax, general income tax, and accounting and international tax in a segment that historically has been subject to limited examination coverage."

The AI will be used to help spot trends that might not be obvious and help the agency determine which partnerships are at the greatest risk of noncompliance, starting with 75 specific partnerships with assets of more than $10 million.

"These are some of the largest [partnerships] in the U.S. that the AI tool helped us identify," Werfel said. "These organizations will be notified of the audit in the coming weeks. These 75 organizations represent a cross section of industries, including hedge funds, real estate investment partnerships, publicly traded partnerships, large law firms, and other industries."

Werfel also noted that starting in October, "hundreds of partnerships will receive a special compliance alert from us in the mail. The alert relates to what we have identified as an ongoing discrepancy on balance sheets involving partnerships with over $10 million in assets," adding that taxpayers filing partnership returns are showing more and more discrepancies in recent years. Approximately 500 partnerships will be receiving this mailing.

"We will need to do more in the partnership arena," Werfel said. "But this is historic. And these are examples of how the Inflation Reduction Act funding will make a difference and help ensure fairness in the tax system."

Other areas that will get compliance attention in the coming fiscal year include those with digital assets, high-income taxpayers who use foreign banks to avoid disclosure and related tax obligations, as well as a previously announced effort to target the construction industry where companies are using subcontractors, which are shell corporations, to engage in tax fraud. The agency will also be targeting scammers such as the current trend of Employee Retention Credit mills.

Werfel also noted that there are ongoing efforts to keep hiring people to conduct these enforcement actions.

"We know we need to make more progress in our hiring efforts, as we will be accelerating these," Werfel said. "This is particularly important given our aging workforce and the relatively high attrition rate among IRS employees."

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor

The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration is calling on the Internal Revenue Service to improve its training of revenue agents that will be focused on auditing high-income taxpayers.

The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration is calling on the Internal Revenue Service to improve its training of revenue agents that will be focused on auditing high-income taxpayers.

In an August 31, 2023, report, the Treasury Department watchdog noted that despite receiving supplemental funding from the Inflation Reduction Act that has been earmarked, in part, to increase examination of high-income taxpayers, the "IRS’s efforts to train new hires do not appear to be fully leveraging" the expertise it has within the Large Business and International Division.

"The IRS treats this training as specialized and only offers it when necessary for employees auditing in this specialized area," that current continued, recommending that with the new IRA funding, "the IRS should revise its training paradigm and expose new hires to the types of issues associated with high-incometaxpayer returns."

TIGTA also criticized the agency for not having"a unified or updated definition for individual high-incometaxpayers," noting that"current examination activity code schema still uses $200,000 as the main threshold" as established in the Tax Reform Act of 1976. This threshold exists even as the IRS continually uses $400,000 as the income threshold, with the population underneath it not expecting to see a rise in audit rates against historical levels from a decade ago.

"The IRS’s Inflation Reduction Act Strategic Operating Plan sets forth leveraging data analytics to improve the IRS’s understanding of the tax filings of high-wealth individuals and to address potential noncompliance," the report states. "Consequently, the IRS needs to update its high-incometaxpayer definition to better identify and track examination results and manage examination priorities."

IRS in its response to the TIGTA findings, published in the report, did not agree with the recommendation related to the definition of high-income taxpayers, stating that "a static and overly proscriptive definition of high-incometaxpayers for the purposes of focusing on income levels above which taxpayers have unique and varied opportunities for tax would serve to deprive the IRS of the agility to address emerging issues and trends."

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor

The IRS has provided additional interim guidance in Notice 2023-64 for the application of the new corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT). This guidance clarifies and supplements the CAMT guidance provided in Notice 2023-7, I.R.B. 2023-3, 390, and Notice 2023-20, I.R.B. 2023-10, 523, which were issued earlier this year. The IRS anticipates that the forthcoming proposed regulations on the CAMT will be consistent with this interim guidance and that they will apply for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Taxpayers may rely on the interim guidance for tax years ending on or before the date the forthcoming proposed regulations are published, and for any tax year that begins before January 1, 2024.

The IRS has provided additional interim guidance in Notice 2023-64 for the application of the new corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT). This guidance clarifies and supplements the CAMT guidance provided in Notice 2023-7, I.R.B. 2023-3, 390, and Notice 2023-20, I.R.B. 2023-10, 523, which were issued earlier this year. The IRS anticipates that the forthcoming proposed regulations on the CAMT will be consistent with this interim guidance and that they will apply for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Taxpayers may rely on the interim guidance for tax years ending on or before the date the forthcoming proposed regulations are published, and for any tax year that begins before January 1, 2024.

CAMT and Prior CAMT Guidance

For tax years beginning after 2022, a 15-percent CAMT is imposed on the adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) of an applicable corporation (generally, a corporation with a three-year average annual AFSI in excess of $1 billion) (Code Secs. 55(a) and (b), and 59(k)). To determine if the threshold is met, corporations under common control are generally aggregated and special rules apply in the case of foreign-parented multinational groups. The CAMT does not apply to S corporations, regulated investment companies (RICs), and real estate investment trusts (REITs).

A corporation’s AFSI is the net income or loss reported on the corporation’s applicable financial statement (AFS) with adjustments for certain items, as provided in Code Sec. 56A. Special rules apply in the case of related corporations included on a consolidated financial statement or filing a consolidated return. Applicable corporations are allowed to deduct financial statement net operating losses (FSNOLs), subject to limitation, and can reduce their minimum tax by the CAMT foreign tax credit (CAMT FTC) and the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT). They can also utilize a minimum tax credit against their regular tax and the general business credit.

Notice 2023-7 announced that the IRS intends to issue proposed regulations (forthcoming proposed regulations) addressing the application of the CAMT, and provided interim guidance regarding time-sensitive CAMT issues that taxpayers may rely on until the forthcoming proposed regulations are issued.

Notice 2023-20 provided additional interim guidance that taxpayers may rely on until the issuance of the forthcoming proposed regulations, including interim guidance intended to help avoid substantial unintended adverse consequences to the insurance industry arising from the application of the CAMT.

Considering the challenges of determining the CAMT liability, Notice 2023-42, 2023-26 I.R.B. 1085, provided relief from the addition to tax under Code Sec. 6655 in connection with the application of the CAMT (specifically, the IRS will waive the penalty for a corporation’s estimated income tax with respect to its CAMT for a tax year that begins after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2024).

Additional Interim Guidance Provided in Notice 2023-64

The IRS intends to propose rules in the forthcoming proposed regulations consistent with the interim guidance in Notice 2023-64, which provides taxpayers with additional clarity in applying the CAMT before the issuance of the forthcoming proposed regulations. Specifically, Notice 2023-64 sets forth the following guidance:

• Definition of a taxpayer for purposes of the guidance - a taxpayer includes any entity identified in Code Sec. 7701 and its regulations, including a disregarded entity, regardless of whether the entity meets the definition of a taxpayer under Code Sec. 7701(a)(14).
• Determining a taxpayer’s AFS - the guidance provides a definition of an AFS, a list of financial statements that meet the AFS definition, priority rules for identifying a taxpayer’s AFS; rules for certified financial statements, restatements, annual and periodic financial statements; and special rules for an AFS covering a group of entities.
• Determining a taxpayer's AFSI - the guidance provides definitions of financial statement income (FSI) and AFSI; general rules for determining FSI and AFSI, including federal tax treatment not relevant for FSI or AFSI; and rules for determining FSI from a consolidated AFS.
• Determining the FSI, AFSI, and CAMT of tax consolidated groups – rules are provided for priority of consolidated AFS; calculation of FSI of a consolidated group; and calculation of the CAMT of a tax consolidated group.
• Determining AFSI with respect to certain foreign corporations – special rules are provided for the application of Code Sec. 56A(c) to certain foreign corporations.
• Determining the AFSI adjustment for certain taxes under Code Sec. 56A(c)(5).
• Determining the AFSI adjustment for depreciation – the new guidance modifies and clarifies the guidance for the AFSI depreciation adjustments provided in Notice 2023-7, and provides other AFSI rules for Section 168 property. Taxpayers that choose to rely on the interim guidance in section 4 of Notice 2023-7 on or after September 12, must apply the guidance in section 4 of Notice 2023-7, as modified and clarified by Notice 2023-64.
• Determining the AFSI adjustment for qualified wireless spectrum.
• Determining adjustments to prevent certain duplications and omissions of AFSI – rules are provided for adjustments resulting from a change in financial accounting principle or restatement of a prior year’s AFS; and adjustments for amounts disclosed in an auditor’s opinion.
• Determining the use of financial statement NOL (FSNOL) carryovers - the amount of an FSNOL carried forward to the first tax year a corporation is an applicable corporation (and subsequent tax years) is determined without regard to whether the taxpayer was an applicable corporation for any prior tax year.
• Determining an applicable corporation status – specific rules are provided for the application of the aggregation rules under Code Sec. 59(k)(1)(D); for determining an applicable corporation status of members of a foreign-parented multinational group; and for disregarding the distributive share adjustment.
• Determining the CAMT foreign tax credit (CAMT FTC) - generally, a foreign income tax is eligible to be claimed as a CAMT FTC in the tax year in which it is paid or accrued for federal income tax purposes by either an applicable corporation or a CFC with respect to which the applicable corporation is a U.S. shareholder, provided the foreign income tax has been taken into account on the AFS of the applicable corporation or CFC.

Applicability Dates, Request for Comments, and Effect on Other Documents

The IRS intends to publish forthcoming proposed regulations regarding the application of the CAMT that would include proposed rules consistent with the interim guidance provided in Notice 2023-7, as modified and clarified by Notice 2023-64, Notice 2023-20, and Notice 2023-64. It is anticipated that the forthcoming proposed regulations would apply for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Taxpayers may rely on the interim guidance provided in these Notices for tax years ending on or before the date forthcoming proposed regulations are published. However, in any event, a taxpayer may rely on such interim guidance for any tax year that begins before January 1, 2024.

The IRS has requested comments on any questions arising from the interim guidance provided in Notice 2023-64 as well as comments addressing specific questions listed in the guidance.

Sections 3, 4, and 7 of Notice 2023-7 are modified and clarified.

Taxpayers may rely on a notice that describes proposed regulations that will address the amortization of qualified research and experimentation (R&E) expenses. Before 2022, R&E expenses were currently deductible, but the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (P.L. 115-97) replaced the deduction with a five-year amortization period (15 years for foreign research).

Taxpayers may rely on a notice that describes proposed regulations that will address the amortization of qualified research and experimentation (R&E) expenses. Before 2022, R&E expenses were currently deductible, but the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (P.L. 115-97) replaced the deduction with a five-year amortization period (15 years for foreign research).

The notice provides guidance on:

• the capitalization and amortization of specified research or experimental expenditures;
• the definition of specified research or experimental (SRE) expenditures and software expenditures;
• the treatment of SRE expenditures performed under contract with a third party, including long term contracts under Code Sec. 460;
• the application of Code Sec. 482 to cost sharing arrangements involving SRE expenditures; and
• the disposition or abandonment of SRE expenditures.

The guidance generally applies to tax years ending after September 8, 2023. The notice is not intended to change the rules for determining eligibility for or computation of the Code Sec. 41 research credit, including rules for "research with respect to computer software," and the definitions of "qualified research" and "qualified researchexpenses."

The notice obsoletes section 5 of Rev. Proc. 2000-50. Comments are requested.

Capitalization of SRE Expenditures

The notice requires taxpayers to capitalize SRE expenditures and amortize them ratably over the applicable amortization period beginning with the midpoint of the tax year. The midpoint is the first day of the seventh month of the tax year in which the SRE expenditures are paid or incurred.

However, the midpoint of a short tax year is the first day of the midpoint month. If the short tax year has an even number of months, the midpoint month is determined by dividing the number of months in the short tax year by two and then adding one. For example, for a short tax year with ten months, the midpoint month is the sixth month ((10 / 2) + 1 = 6)). If the short tax year has an odd number of months, the midpoint month is the month that has an equal number of months before and after it. For example, for a short tax year with seven months, the mid-point month is the fourth month.

If a short tax year includes part of a month, the entire month is included in the number of months in the tax year, but the same month may not be counted more than once. If a taxpayer has two successive short tax years and the first short tax year ends in the same month that the second short tax year begins, the taxpayer should include that month in the first short ta year and not in the second short year.

For purposes of the 15-year amortization period, foreign research is any research conducted outside the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any U.S. territory or other possession of the United States.

SRE Expenditures and Activities

The notice clarifies the scope of Code Sec. 174 by defining SRE expenditures and SRE activities. Otherwise, the notice adopts the definitions provided in Reg. §1.174-2.

SRE expenditures for tax years beginning after 2021 are research or experimental (R&E) expenditures that are paid or incurred by the taxpayer during the tax year in connection with the taxpayer’s trade or business. R&E expenditures must

• satisfy the Reg. §1.174-2 requirements, or
• be paid or incurred in connection with the development of computer software (defined below), regardless of whether they satisfy Reg. §1.174-2.

SRE activities are software development costs (defined below), or research or experimental activities defined in Reg. §1.174-2.

Costs that may be SRE expenditures include labor costs, materials and supplies costs, cost recovery allowances, operation and management costs and travel costs that are used in the performance or direct support of SRE activities, as well as patent costs. Costs that are not SRE expenditures include general and administrative costs, interest on debt, costs to input content into a website, website hosting and registration costs, amounts representing amortization of SRE expenditures, and expenses listed in Reg. § 1.174-2(a)(6).

Costs are allocated to SRE expenditures on the basis of a cause-and-effect relationship between the costs and the SRE activities or another method that reasonably related the costs to benefits provided to SRE activities. A taxpayer may use different allocation method for different types of costs, but must apply each method consistently. SRE expenditures must also be treated consistently for all provisions under subtitle A of the Code.

Computer Software Development

The notice defines computer software as a computer program or routine (that is, any sequence of code) that is designed to cause a computer to perform a desired function or set of functions, and the documentation required to describe and maintain that program or routine. The code may be stored on a computing device, affixed to a tangible medium (for example, a disk or DVD), or accessed remotely via a private computer network or the Internet (for example, via cloud computing).

Software includes a computer program, a group of programs, and upgrades and enhancements, which are modifications to existing software that result in additional functionality (enabling the software to perform tasks that it was previously incapable of performing), or materially increase the software’s speed or efficiency. Computer software can include upgrades and enhancements to purchased software.

The notice provides several examples of activities that constitute software development, such as planning the development, designing, building a model, and testing the software or updates and enhancements; and writing and converting source code.

As mentioned above, computer software may include upgrades and enhancements to purchased software. However, software development does not include the purchase and installation of purchased computer software, including the configuration of pre-coded parameters to make the software compatible with the business and reengineering the business to make it compatible with the software, and any planning, designing, modeling, testing, or deployment activities with respect to the purchase and installation of such software.

Contract Research

The notice also provides clarity in the treatment of costs paid or incurred for research performed under contract. For purposes of these rules, a research provider is the party that contracts to perform research services or develop an SRE product for a research recipient. An SRE product is a pilot model, process, formula, invention, technique, patent, computer software, or similar property (or a component thereof) that is subject to protection under applicable domestic or foreign law. For example, mere know-how gained by the research provider that is not subject to legal protection is not an SRE product.

Costs incurred by the research recipient are governed by Reg. §1.174-2(a)(10) and (b)(3). A provider may incur SRE expenditures under the contract if the provider:

• bears financial risk sunder the terms of the contract (that is, the provider may suffer a financial loss related to the contract research); or
• has a right to use any resulting SRE product in its own trade or business or otherwise exploit through sale, lease or license. The provider does not have such rights if it must obtain approval from another party to the research arrangement that is not related to the provider.

Disposition, Retirement or Abandonment of Property

The notice provides clarity in the treatment of unamortized SRE expenditures if the related property is disposed of, retired, or abandoned in certain transactions during the applicable amortization period. The disposition, retirement or abandonment generally does not accelerate the recovery of unamortized SRE expenditures (that is, the amortized SRE expenditures that have not yet been recovered). Thus, the taxpayer must continue to amortize the expenditures over the remainder of the applicable amortization period.

If a corporation ceases to exist in a Code Sec.381(a) transaction or series of transactions, the acquiring corporation will continue to amortize the distributor or transferor corporation’s unamortized SRE expenditures over the remainder of the distributor or transferor corporation’s applicable amortization period beginning with the month of transfer.

However, a corporation that ceases to exist in any other transaction or series of transactions may generally deduct the unamortized SRE expenditures in its final tax year, unless a principal purpose of the transaction(s) is to allow the corporation to deduct the expenses.

Taxpayers may not rely on these rules for SRE expenditures paid or incurred with respect to property that is contributed to, distributed from, or transferred from a partnership.

Long-Term Contracts and Cost-Sharing Regs

The notice provides that costs allocable to a long-term contract accounted for using the percentage-of-completion method (PCM) include amortization of SRE expenditures under Code Sec. 174(a)(2)(B), rather than the capitalized amount of such expenditures. This amortization is treated as incurred for purposes of determining the percentage of contract completion as deducted.

The notice also makes changes to regulations for cost sharing transaction payments (CST payments) between controlled participants in a cost sharing arrangement (CSA) that are made to ensure that each controlled participant’s share of intangible development costs (IDCs) is in proportion to its share of reasonably anticipated benefits from exploitation of the developed intangibles (RAB share).

Accounting Method Changes

The IRS intends to issue additional guidance for taxpayers to obtain automatic consent to change methods of accounting to comply with this notice. Until the issuance of such procedural guidance, taxpayers may rely on section 7.02 of Rev. Proc. 2023-24 to change their methods of accounting under Code Sec. 174 to comply with this notice. Unless specifically authorized by the IRS or by statutes, a taxpayer may not request or make a retroactive change in accounting method by filing an amended return.

Comments Requested

The IRS request comments on issues arising from the interim guidance provided in the notice, as well as issued that are not addressed. Written comments should be submitted by November 24, 2023; however, the IRS will consider late comments if doing so will not delay the issuance of the forthcoming proposed regulations. Comments may be submitted by mail or electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov. The subject line for the comments should include a reference to Notice 2023-63.

Taxpayers may rely on proposed regulations that detail how to satisfy the prevailing wage and apprenticeship (PWA) requirements for bonus amounts that may apply to several energy and business credits. The regs also explain the correction and penalty provisions that allow taxpayers to claim the bonus credits even if they failed to satisfy the PWA tests. Comments are requested.

Taxpayers may rely on proposed regulations that detail how to satisfy the prevailing wage and apprenticeship (PWA) requirements for bonus amounts that may apply to several energy and business credits. The regs also explain the correction and penalty provisions that allow taxpayers to claim the bonus credits even if they failed to satisfy the PWA tests. Comments are requested.

PWA Requirements

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169) provided bonus credits as part of several new and existing components of the general business credit. The initial credit amount is increased for taxpayers that satisfy the PWA requirements during the construction, alteration and repair of a credit facility.

The bonus credits apply to the following 11 credits, plus one deduction:

• the business credit component of the Code Sec. 30C Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit
• the Code Sec. 45 renewable electricity production credit
• the Code Sec. 45L New Energy Efficient Home Credit (prevailing wage test only)
• the Code Sec. 45Q carbon sequestration credit
• the Code Sec. 45U Zero-Emission Nuclear Power Production Credit (prevailing wage test only)
• the Code Sec. 45V Credit for Production of Clean Hydrogen
• the Code Sec. 45Y Clean Electricity Production Credit
• the Code Sec. 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit
• the Code Sec. 48 energy investment credit
• the Code Sec. 48C Advanced Energy Project Credit
• the Code Sec. 48E clean energy investment credit and
• the Code Sec. 179D Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Deduction (increased deduction).

The IRS previewed these proposed regs in Notice 2022-61 (TAXDAY, I.1, 11/30/2022).

Prevailing Wage Requirements in General

In determining prevailing wages, the proposed regs largely incorporate the Davis-Bacon Act (DBA), as administered by the Wage and Hours Division of the Department of Labor (DOL), to the extent it is relevant and consistent with sound tax administration. However, the regs do not adopt the DBA’s federal contracting provisions, or its exemptions for Tribal governments and the Tennessee Valley Authority. The definition of “employed” is also broader for the PWA tests than it is for other purposes of the Code.

Under the proposed regs, the taxpayer that claims the increased credit would be solely responsible for:

• making sure the PWA requirements are satisfied,
• keeping appropriate records, and
• the correction and penalty provisions and the good faith effort exception.

“Taxpayer” includes an applicable entity that elects to treat the credit as a federal tax payment under Code Sec. 6417, and an eligible taxpayer that elects to transfer the credit to an unrelated person under Code Sec. 6418. Thus, the PWA requirements apply to the eligible taxpayer, not the transferee taxpayer.

The proposed regs define several relevant terms, including applicable wage determination, laborer, mechanic, construction, alteration, repair, locality or geographic area (including DOL site of work definitions), and prevailing wage rate. The proposed regs generally adopt DOL rules that allow lower prevailing wage rates for apprentices.

Prevailing Wage Determinations

The proposed regs would require taxpayers to use the general wage determination in effect when the construction of the facility begins, but would not require taxpayers to update those rates during construction. However, consistent with DOL guidance under the DBA, a new general wage determination would be required when a contract is changed to include additional, substantial construction, alteration, or repair work, or to require work to be performed for an additional time period. Taxpayers would also need to update wage rates for alteration or repairs after the facility has been placed in service.

A general wage determination would be one issued and published by the DOL that includes a list of wage and bona fide fringe benefit rates determined to be prevailing for laborers and mechanics for the various classifications of work performed with respect to a specified type of construction in a geographic area. The proposed regulations would largely incorporate the definition of “wages” from 29 CFR 5.2 for the Prevailing Wage Requirements. This definition is not relevant in determining wages or compensation for other federal tax purposes.

The proposed regs would provide special procedures when a general wage determination does not provide applicable wage rates; as, for example, when no general wage determination has been issued for the geographic area, for the specified type of construction, or for a labor classification. According to the DOL, these situations should be rare. The taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would need to request a supplemental wage determination or prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL. However, taxpayers could not use these requests to split, subdivide, or otherwise avoid classifications in a general wage determination.

A request for a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification would need to include information consistent with the information that must be provided by a contracting agency when requesting a project wage determination or a conformance for purposes of the DBA. After review, the Wage and Hour Division will notify the taxpayer as to the labor classifications and wage rates to be used. The proposed regulations would also adopt the review and appeal procedures available to any interested party under the DBA with respect to wage determinations generally.

If construction of a credit facility spans adjacent geographic areas, the prevailing wage rate would the highest rate for each classification. For an offshore facility, taxpayers could rely on the general wage determinations in the geographic area closest to the area where the qualified facility will be located.

Prevailing Wage Correction and Penalty Provisions

A taxpayer that fails to satisfy the PWA requirements may still qualify for the increased credit or deduction by satisfying correction and penalty provisions. The proposed regulations would provide that the obligation to make correction payments and pay the penalty would not become binding until the taxpayer files a return claiming the increased credit. The taxpayer generally would have to make correction payments to the underpaid workers before filing the return, and pay any penalty when the return is field.

In addition, the taxpayer would have to make the correction and penalty payments within 180 days after the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, which would come in the form of a notice sent by the IRS. Although deficiency procedures would not apply to the penalty payment, deficiency procedures would apply to any IRS disallowance of the increased credit.

Taxpayers that cannot locate the underpaid workers are not excused from the correction requirements. The IRS expect that taxpayers will be able to establish correction payments by using existing state and tax withholding procedures. Taxpayers that underpay workers while waiting for a supplemental wage or additional classification determination would have 30 days after the determination to make correction payments. For purposes of credit transfers under Code Sec. 6418, the correction and penalty requirements would continue to apply to the eligible taxpayer, not the credit transferee.

For purposes of the increased correction and penalty amounts for intentional disregard of the PWA requirements, the proposed regs would provide that failures would be due to intentional disregard if they are knowing or willful, based on all relevant facts and circumstances. There would be a rebuttable presumption against intentional disregard if the taxpayer makes the correction and penalty payments before receiving a notice of an examination.

The proposed regs would provide limited penalty waivers when PWA failures are small in amount or occur in a limited number of pay periods. The penalty also would not apply with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed under a project labor agreement that meets certain requirements, if correction payments are made by the time the taxpayer claims the increased credit. The proposed regs would use the IRS’s general enforcement discretion to allow taxpayers to correct limited failures to pay prevailing wages if the taxpayers pay the mechanics and laborers back wages and interest in a timely manner before claiming the increased credit.

Apprenticeship Requirements

To satisfy the apprenticeship requirement, taxpayers must satisfy:

The proposed regs explain that the Labor Hours Requirement generally is subject to the Ratio Requirement, and the Participation Requirement applies in addition to those two requirements.

Failure to Satisfy Apprenticeship Requirements

The proposed regs provide addition guidance regarding the good faith effort exception to the apprenticeship requirements when a taxpayer’s request for a qualified apprentices is denied. The taxpayer may need to submit requests to multiple apprenticeship programs, and each request must include prescribed information. A taxpayer would have to submit a second request within 120 days of a first denial. The good faith exception would apply only to a particular denied request. A taxpayer that does not qualify for the good faith exception may be treated as satisfying the apprenticeship requirements by paying a penalty to the IRS. The proposed regs spell out how taxpayers determine correction amounts are determined.

Failures to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements would be due to intentional disregard if they are knowing or willful under all relevant facts and circumstances. The proposed regulations provide a non-exhaustive list of relevant facts and circumstances.

The proposed regulations would also provide the penalty payment requirement for failures to meet the Labor Hours or Participation Requirement would not apply if a project labor agreement that meets certain requirements is in place. In addition, there would be a rebuttable presumption against intentional disregard if the taxpayer makes the penalty payments before receiving a notice of an examination.

As with the prevailing wage requirements, the proposed regulations would provide that a penalty payment would remain the responsibility of the eligible taxpayer that transfers the increased credit under Code Sec. 6418. The obligation to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements would not be binding until the eligible taxpayer files its return for the year the credit is determined or, if earlier, the transferee taxpayer files its return taking the transferred credit into account.

Recordkeeping Requirements

The proposed regulations would require taxpayers to establish compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements at the time a return claiming the increased credit is filed. These requirements are generally consistent with the recordkeeping requirements under the DBA regime. Taxpayers would also have to maintain and preserve sufficient payroll records to establish compliance.

Similarly, the proposed regulations would require taxpayers subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements to maintain sufficient records to establish compliance with the Labor Hours, Ratio and Participation Requirements. It would be the responsibility of the taxpayer to maintain the relevant records for each apprentice engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair on the qualified facility, regardless of whether the apprentice is employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor.

Finally, if an eligible taxpayer transfers any portion of a credit that includes the increased amount for satisfying the PWA requirements, these recordkeeping requirements would remain with an eligible taxpayer.

Effect on Other Documents

The provisions of sections 3 and 4 of Notice 2022-61 would be obsoleted for facilities, property, projects, or equipment the construction, or installation of which begins after the date these regulations are published as final.

Proposed Applicability Date

The regulations are proposed to apply to facilities, property, projects, or equipment placed in service in tax years ending after the date they are published as final, and the construction or installation of which begins after hat date. However, taxpayers may rely on the proposed regulations with respect to construction or installation of a facility, property, project, or equipment beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before the date the regulations are published as final, provided that beginning after October 30, 2023, the taxpayer follows the proposed regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

Comments Requested

The IRS requests comments on the proposed regs, and a public hearing is scheduled for November 21, 2023, at 10 am EST. Comments and requests to speak at the hearing must be received by October 30, 2023, and requests to attend the hearing must be received by November 17, 2023. Comments and requests may be mailed to the IRS, or they may be submitted electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations (indicate IRS and REG-100908-23).

The IRS has provided guidance on the income tax treatment of payments made by states in 2023 and later years. In IRS News Release 2023-23, February 10, 2023, the IRS clarified the federal tax status of special payments made by 21 states in 2022 that were mainly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying terms in the types of payments, payment amounts, and eligibility rules.

The IRS has provided guidance on the income tax treatment of payments made by states in 2023 and later years. In IRS News Release 2023-23, February 10, 2023, the IRS clarified the federal tax status of special payments made by 21 states in 2022 that were mainly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying terms in the types of payments, payment amounts, and eligibility rules.

State Tax Refunds

The exclusion of state income tax refunds is largely dependent on whether an individual itemized deductions and deducted the amount of state income tax paid. A state income tax refund will be excluded from an individual's gross income if the person claimed the standard deduction for the tax year in which the state income tax was paid. On the other hand, an individual who itemized deductions and deducted the amount of state income tax paid will include a state income tax refund to the extent that the individual received a federal income tax benefit from the prior federal income tax deduction.

A similar rule applies to state property tax refunds.

2022 Payments Covered by IR-2023-23

IR-2023-23 described some 2022 programs that intended to make payments in early 2023. To the extent an individual could exclude such a payment received in 2022 pursuant to the news release, an individual may exclude a state payment received in 2023 under a 2022 program from federal income tax.

General Welfare Payments

Payments that are made under a state program for the promotion of the general welfare are not includible in federal income tax. To be excluded as a payment for the general welfare, the payment must: (1) be made from a governmental fund; (2) be for the promotion of the general welfare, meaning based on individual or family need; and (3) not represent compensation for services.

Comments Requested

The IRS requests comments on the application of these rules and on specific aspects of state payment programs or additional situations where federal guidance would be helpful. Comments should be submitted on or before October 16, 2023. Comments may be mailed to the IRS or submitted electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.

National Taxpayer Advocate Erin Collins is calling on the Internal Revenue Service to alter how it deals with supervisory review of penalties.

National Taxpayer Advocate Erin Collins is calling on the Internal Revenue Service to alter how it deals with supervisory review of penalties.

"The IRS’s approach to supervisoryreview of penalties is heavy-handed and burdensome on taxpayers," Collins wrote in an August 29, 2023, blog post.

She noted that the while some penalties require supervisory approval before they can be assessed, the statue providing authority "is vague regarding the point at which this approval must occur," which has led to conflicting decisions in tax court about how they should be treated.

Collins noted that the IRS is currently working on the problem and has issued proposed regulations on the subject. A public hearing on this issue will be held on September 11, 2023.

"The proposed regulations succeeded in providing clarity, but it would be nice if they did so in a way that helps taxpayers rather than harming them."

According to Collins, the proposed regulations set up a process by which a supervisory approval can be obtained anytime before the statutory notice of deficiency is issued for pre-assessment penalties subject to Tax Court review. For those penalties not subject to pre-assessment Tax Court review, they can be approved up until the time of assessment itself.

"The IRS’s proposed approach is problematic because the ability to raise potential penalties with taxpayers in the absence of oversight could lend itself to the improper assertion of penalties," Collins wrote. "Practitioners and Congress expressed concerns that some IRS examiners may be tempted to propose a penalty with no real intention of actually imposing it. Rather, the penalty is put forth as a bargaining chip to be negotiated away as part of the case resolution process. The IRS is quick to point out that this practice is unauthorized and is strongly discouraged. Nevertheless, the structure perpetuated in the proposed regulations does nothing to protect taxpayers from potential abuse."

Collins stated that supervisory review "should occur before applicable penalties are communicated to the taxpayer in writing," adding that the proposed regulations "provide the IRS with an excellent chance to reconsider its approach to supervisoryreview. This is an opportunity that the IRS has so far declined to embrace, but there is still time. I urge the IRS to reexamine its policy and I request that Congress consider clarifying the law to protect taxpayers’ rights."

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor

Taxpayers, and the accounting and legal professionals who represent them, need to be prepared as the Internal Revenue Service has begun compliance work on those who own and trade in cryptocurrencies.

Taxpayers, and the accounting and legal professionals who represent them, need to be prepared as the Internal Revenue Service has begun compliance work on those who own and trade in cryptocurrencies.

"A CPA needs to advise their clients that the IRS is looking into this," Paul Miller, CPA and managing partner at Queens, N.Y.-based Miller and Company LLP, said in interview. He recalled that one of his clients was recently audited for his crypto transactions going all the way back to 2018.

Miller suggested that the tip off that the agency would be more closely examining taxpayers’ crypto transactions was the simple question added to Form 1040 asking whether the taxpayer engaged in any transactions.

He also suggested that the IRS could be showing some level of leniency for these early taxpayers who are getting their crypto transactions audited.

"The IRS was pretty reasonable with this man," Miller said. "He wasn’t assessed the fraud penalty. He wasn’t assessed the 25 percent penalty. He just had to amend three or four years of his tax returns for failing to report crypto."

Miller also pointed out that the IRS gave the taxpayer"the benefit of the doubt," recognizing both that he might night have thought about the tax ramifications of his crypto transactions as well as recognizing the fact that he was unable to recover transaction data from 2018.

To that end, Miller stressed that it is very important to keep accurate records and to not necessarily rely on transaction platforms for providing that information.

"If you use Coinbase, Coinbase is pretty good because they give you a 1099," he said, adding that other trading platforms might not provide that information. "Regardless, we tell all our of our clients to keep records, keep track of it" just like they would keep track of information about money in foreign bank accounts.

On the IRS side, Miller suggested that crypto compliance could be a part of the agency’s push to utilizing artificial intelligence as part of the compliance process, noting that with everything else on the agency’s plate, the IRS "literally doesn’t have the manpower." This could make AI a tool for crypto compliance.

Miller also recommended that CPAs be sure to include very specific questions on crypto in their engagement letters.

"It’s all about getting the client to take responsibility off of me and putting it on them," he said. "Because at the end of the day, I’m just preparing the tax return."

He stressed that it does not mean the goal of a CPA is not to give their clients the best advice.

"The goal is that you have a responsibility to pay your taxes," he said. "You have a responsibility to report the information, If you disagree or if you deviate from that, you have to deal with the consequences, not me."

By Gregory Twachtman, Washington News Editor